Differences Between MIPV4 And MIPV6

Differences Between MIPV4 And MIPV6 With the fast growth in the numbers of the mobile and handheld devices that are connected to the internet, the current IPv4 protocol is not able to cover all theses growth number of IP addresses. This is why the Internet Protocol IPv6 has been developed. Mobile IPv6 is an essential mandatory feature of the IPv6 that has been built to enable mobility for mobile device in IP networks. Mobile IPv6 specification is still uncompleted, so the protocol most likely will has some changes in the future. Security of mobile IPv6 is an essential part; it will be discuss in detail in this chapter. In addition of the mobility feature for the mobile IPv6, IPSec is also a mandatory feature that is required for IPv6 to provide data security and services for communication in IP networks and application layer protocols of TCP/IP. IPSec is used to protect Mobile IPv6 from the security threats, but there are still some issues that need to be solved. 6.1 Differences between MIPv4 and MIPv6 MIPv6 is the next generation standard for Mobile IP after MIPv4, the following is the main differences between MIPv4 and MIPv6: Foreign agent, MIPv6 rely on DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) server or router advertisements on the foreign network to get a care-of address (CoA), this scenario make the mobile device to operate in any place without requiring any additional support from the local router, because it does not depend on the foreign agent to issue the care-of address as in MIPv4. Home agent address discovery, IPv6 is has a feature called anycast that send data to the nearest or best receiver. With this feature mobile device can send update to the home agent any cast address. In this case, if there are multiple home agents on the network, the nearest home agent will send the response to the mobile device. By this feature, scalability and redundancy can be provided to the network by keeping track several home agents. Security, Both Mipv6 and Mipv4 provide data security by using Virtual Private Network (VPN) solution. Once the mobile device traveling outside its home network and connecting to the foreign network; Mipv4 use IPSec v4 (Internet Protocol Security) and VPN Solution. Mipv6 use IPSec v6 and VPN solution. Route Optimization, When the mobile device leave its own network and connect to other network , it get a new care-of address and then inform the home agent with this address, then the home agent record the new Care-of address in its binding table. MIPv6 has direct routing packet feature that routing between mobile device and the correspondent nodes that existed on the IPv6 network. All packets destined to the mobile device home address will be intercept by the home agent then tunnel them to its Care-of address. In case of MIPv4 traffic between correspondent node and the mobile device must go through the home agent. But in case of MIPv6 the correspondent node caches the Care-of address by using route optimization MIPv6 and then transfers the packets directly to the mobile device as it shown in the figure 1 [1]. Figure- 1 Route Optimization in MIPv6 6.2 Mobile IPv6 Security Threats Mobile IP v6 has been developed to provide mobility and security for IPv6 as same as MIPv4. MIPv6 introduce different security threats as following [3]: 1. Threats against Binding Updates sent to home agents: a attacker might claim that a certain mobile device is currently at a different location than it really is. If the home agent accepts the information sent to it as is, the mobile device might not get traffic destined to it, and other nodes might get traffic they didnt want. 2. Threats against route optimization with correspondent nodes: A malicious mobile device might lie about its home address. A malicious mobile device might send a correspondent node binding updates in which the home address is set to the address of another node, the victim. If the correspondent node accepted this forged binding update, then communications between the correspondent node and the victim would be disrupted, because packets that the correspondent node intended to send to the victim would be sent to the wrong care-of address. This is a threat to confidentiality as well as availability, because an attacker might redirect packets meant for another node to itself in order to learn the content of those packets. A malicious mobile device might lie about its care-of address. A malicious mobile device might send a correspondent node binding updates in which the care-of address is set to the address of a victim node or an address within a victim network. If the correspondent node accepted this forged binding update, then the malicious mobile could trick the correspondent into sending data to the victim node or the victim network; the correspondents replies to messages sent by the malicious mobile will be sent to the victim host or network. This could be used to cause a distributed denial of service attack; the malicious mobile could trick a large number of servers so that they all send a large amount of data to the same victim node or network. A malicious node might also send a large number of invalid binding updates to a victim correspondent node. If each invalid binding update took a significant amount of resources (such as CPU) to process before it could be recognized as invalid, then it might be possible to cause a denial of service attack by sending the correspondent so may invalid binding updates that it has no resources left for other tasks. An attacker might also replay an old binding update. An attacker might attempt to disrupt a mobile devices communications by replaying a binding update that the node had sent earlier. If the old binding update was accepted, packets destined for the mobile node would be sent to its old location and not its current location. 3. Threats where MIPv6 correspondent node functionality is used to launch reflection attacks against other parties. The Home Address Option can be used to direct response traffic against a node whose IP address appears in the option, without giving a possibility for ingress filtering to catch the forged return address. 4. Threats where the tunnels between the mobile device and the home agent are attacked to make it appear like the mobile node is sending traffic while it is not. 5. Threats where IPv6 Routing Header which is employed in MIPv6 is used to circumvent IP-address based rules in firewalls or to reflect traffic from other nodes. The generality of the Routing Header allows the kind of usage that opens vulnerabilities, even if the usage that MIPv6 needs is safe. 6. The security mechanisms of MIPv6 may also be attacked themselves, e.g. in order to force the participants to execute expensive cryptographic operations or allocate memory for the purpose of keeping state. Most of the above threats are concerned with denial of service. Some of the threats also open up possibilities for man-in-the-middle, hijacking, and impersonation attacks. 6.3 Securing the Binding Update: MIPv6 is a host routing protocol, developed to modify the normal routing for a specific host. As it changes the way of sending packets to the host[4]. The binding update tell a correspondent node of the new care-of address, a correspondent node authenticate the binding update and verifying that it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t from the manipulated node . In order to successfully authenticate the update the mobile device and the correspondent node need to establish security association and share secret key. IPSec in transport mode is used between home agent and its mobile device in order to secure the MIPv6 message such as binding update. 6.4 Summery Mobile IP is used to maintain communications while the IP address is changing. Mobile IPv6 is much optimized and deployable than Mobile IPv4, like direct communication between the correspondent node and mobile device, even though Mobile IPv6 is still uncompleted; the issues have been with the security of the protocol.

Military Family

The military family experiences several challenges in their working conditions. This ranges from culture, pressure they experience from work, low pay, and poor housing conditions among others. Culture basically refers to people’s way of life. The military has been treated in the past time in a way that reflects that they live in a vacuum or space. Therefore the major challenge or crisis the military family experience is the stress they get on deployments. These people have physical and family separation when deployed in other areas. They feel that they belong to a different world where people do not exist. The military troops are also not expected to have their families with them. The frequent deployment has therefore made a lot of the military army to remain family less. They can have a family if in the real sense they would not have enough time for them.(Rhea,1998,p21). The other challenge that has been raised by the American Military Service Personnel and their families is the stressful condition in the work place since the September 11, 2001 bombing. These people face psychological risks and mental health-related problems as a result of frequent deployment rates. Life within most of the military families has been constantly changing whenever a service member is deployed to a combat zone. Most of them have been killed with majority sustaining physical wounds and a range of permanent disabilities. Some of the disabilities included traumatic brain injury and eye problems. Some of the members who were deployed in the support of the GWOT returned from the combat zone with a lot of psychological injuries. The military members also are faced to the kind life that changes in areas they are deployed. This was experienced especially those who were deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. Majority of them found themselves dead. Could be the kind of topography in this area outweighed their experience. They did not have the appropriate survival strategies which are highly adaptive in a combat environment. This was the biggest challenge to the families of these people. The family life was seriously affected by the exposure of the combat environment making the families suffer a lot of psychological stress (Stephen, 1985, p64). A part from sustaining physical and psychological injuries, the military families also faced a number of problems as a result of frequent deployment. The living conditions where they reside is very poor and not worth for human health. These people do have families comprising of children who need special care. So in most cases a lot of health related problems do emerge among the family members of the military officers. This even makes them have a feeling of not having a family. Most of the houses they live in are just meant for survival since they are not permanent in areas they are deployed. Therefore poor housing condition is a major challenge faced by these families. The other challenge faced by the military members and their families is lack of adequate medical care given to them. Generally it is very true that these people tend to live in remote areas where the climate is not friendly. Like in Iraq and Afghanistan the place is just too dry with extreme temperatures experienced during the day and night. Since they lack proper medication most of them return home with several diseases developed. (Sonia, 1999, p34). The other challenge faced by the military members and their families is ineffective deployment timetable. Most of them complain of lacking time for their families. Therefore a suitable deployment timetable should be structured in such a way that their interests are catered for. These people are human beings just like us. Therefore they suffer from emotional stress when subjected to a lot of pressure and stress.   It is the right for these people to have a family member.   It therefore goes without a say that too much work make Jack a dull boy.   Therefore some periods like holiday should be provided to the military troops to help them have time with their families. (James, 1997, p98). Most of these military service men also complain about lack of motivation.   There was no even proper and effective compensation that was given to family members who lost their people during the war and bombing attack.   Those who were compensated were given a low pay that could not match the service offered so lack of compensation and motivation to the military officers and service men bring a lot of issues to be discussed. Several measures have been put into place to address the challenges and problems send by the Military Family Association which is a non profit organization has been formed with an objective to influence the development and implementation of polices.   The polices mainly focuses on the improvement of lives of the military family members.   The National Military Family Association was also formed with a mission of serving the families of the seven unformed services through offering education, information and advocacy.   This is basically offered by its staff who volunteers to help on military family issues. In order to address the psychological needs of the military members and their families, the American psychological Association (APA) President came up with a task force to address the issue.   The task force was given the responsibility to identify the psychological needs of military members and their families during and after deployment.   The task force was also able to develop a strategic plan for working with the military and other organizations such as NMFA in order to meet the military members’ needs.   Among the services the task force was to provide include medication to the members who reformed from the combat zone. (Barbara, 1996, p65). The department of Defense Investigation general has also come up with a program to evaluate the military Mental Health systems to address the health related issues. The American Department of Defense (DOD) has also formed military compensation as one of the tools used to attract more people and even retain the solders in their work.   Military compensation work on the principle that all service members including reserve and active ones should be treated fairly. This was a sign of motivation to the service members and their families. The US president, Bush has also come with a good policy in support of the troops.   There has been tax relief for the American military families.   The military service men have been exempted from paying some tax thus the overall tax they pay is lowered.   This is a motivation factor to make them feel loved by the people they serve.   There has also been improvement on the pay for the military officers/personnel.   The increase in pay is a way of encouraging and also motivating them to perform their duties with utmost good faith. Health care improvement has also been initiated for the families of the military personnel and service men.   This was to address the poor condition of those who returned from war with physical wounds.   The other achievement that the department of defense has made is coming up with a deployment time table to serve the interest of the service men.   Today many people are joining military because of the good condition of the work place the government has put into place. References Barbara, C. A. (1996). Family and Gender and Race; Family and Development Perspectives.   London. The Haworth Press, Inc. James, E. (1997). Fighting on Two Fronts: African, Americans and the Vietnam War. London: Barnes & Noble. Rhea, V.A. (1996). Family and Gender among American Muslims: Issues Facing Middle Eastern; London; Temple University Press. Sonia, P. (1999) Eat First – You Don’t Know What They’ll Give You; New York: Xlibris Corporation. Stephen, M. (1985). The Trauma of War: Stress and Recovery in Vietnam Veterans. New York: American Psychiatric Publishers.

The One Thing to Do for Writing a Persuasive Essay

The One Thing to Do for Writing a Persuasive Essay Here's What I Know About Writing a Persuasive Essay In order to discover reliable info, visit the library or interview people that are experts on your persuasive essay topic. Simply speaking, you have to be in a position to properly analyze the full issue from a selection of angles before you write. You won't ever regret your choice of purchasing essay from us. Mostly students consider purchasing a cause and effect essay online, but it is suggested to provide a try to compose an outline by you. Different significance of a specific word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. So the next time you're worried about the kind of essay, just don't forget that you're ready to write in your voice to a particular level. 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Stages of Carlo DiClementes Change Model Essay - 1201 Words

Carlo DiClemente began his professional career in psychology and the study of addiction smokers in Rode Island while completing his dissertation. Carlo DiClemente stated that the reason he became drawn to studying smokers since it was easy to evaluate their behavior’s and even finding individuals that were actively trying to change their behaviors of addiction. He noticed that those with or no medical assistance made success in changing their smoking behavior, this is when without realizing he began a socio-political influence worldwide change with social psychologist, political psychologist, including society influenced by his theories put into practice. Many of today’s contributions have influenced the psychology profession but Carlo†¦show more content†¦The behavior can stay within the six months allotted time if a negative reverses the positive affects and set in motion the whole process again or just continue at one stage and stay for long periods of time like a year without changing just having difficulties with the accomplished change and fear of moving on to the continued process of change. Process of change Precontemplation: This change is the stage were the individual is aware of the negative behavior but has no intention in changing it due to avoidance in being demoralized about their ability to change, talking or even thinking the high health emotional risk behavior. Contemplation: This change is when the individual is aware of the negative to positives causing a balance in value and good that can produced a profound ambivalence that can paralyze that change for long periods of time even though the measure is six months. Preparation: This change is when the individual’s attitude and self-regulation begins to increase at this stage. It could also include the contemplation stage since both are increasing commitment. Action: This change is when the individual is modifying his behavior while learning new skills to prevent setbacks to occur if that individual is willing and ready to change without regrets. Maintenance: This is the final stage where the individual maintains stable for long periods of time withoutShow MoreRelatedSocial Change6427 Words   |  26 PagesUNIT 1 CHANGE: AN OVERVIEW Structure 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction Change - Meaning and Characteristics Types of Change 1.4 Theories of Change 1.5 Approaches to Change 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Social Change and Cultural change Steps in Social Change Dimensions of Social Change Factors of Social Change 1.10 Let Us Sum Up 1.11 References and Selected Readings 1.12 Check Your Progress - Possible Answers 1.1 INTRODUCTION If you look around, you will find that ten years ago the face of India was